Language & Linguistics

The nature and structure of human speech and the use by humans of voice sounds and written symbols representing these sounds in organized patterns to express and communicate thoughts and feelings.

Sub-headings:

American Sign Language

Arabic

Chinese

Czech

English

English as a Second Language (ESL)

These resources provide information for teaching and learning English as a Second Language. Resources range from discussions of English as a Second Language issues to practical activities for teachers and learners.

Finnish

French

Gaelic

German

Greek

Hawaiian

Hebrew

Hindi

Hungarian

Indonesian

Italian

Japanese

Korean

Latin

Linguistics

Mohawk

Other Non-English Languages

Portuguese

Romanian

Russian

Spanish

Swahili

Swedish

Thai

Translation Dictionaries

Dictionaries that, given a word in one language, will show the identical or related word in another language.

Turkish

Resources in this category:

1st International Collection of Tongue Twisters
http://www.uebersetzung.at/twister/index.htm

With 2680 entries in 105 languages. Several of the entries have translations. Accepts contributions.

Center for Nonverbal Studies
http://members.aol.com/nonverbal2/index.htm

Nonverbal communication includes "body movement, gesture, facial expression, adornment and fashion, architecture, mass media, and consumer-product design." This website, produced by the Center for Nonverbal Studies, provides a list of related news, quotes, and the Nonverbal Dictionary, a dictionary of gestures, signs and body language cues compiled from research by leading anthropologists, archaeologists, biologists, linguists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and semioticians.

Constructed Human Languages
http://www.quetzal.com/conlang.html

"Index of constructed, invented, artificial, and fictional human languages on the internet." Organized by type of language. Good anotations.

Countries
http://www.ipl.org/div/pf/entry/48458

Do you need to do a school report on Finland? Are you looking for information about countries in Latin America? This IPL pathfinder is designed to find print and Internet resources about nations and regions around the world. You may have to consult a variety of sources before you find all the information that you need.

Digital Dialects
http://www.digitaldialects.com/

Free online tutorials for over 50 languages teach basic vocabulary and verb use. Audio lessons and interactive games make learning a new language more fun than ever before. Learn words in Spanish, French, German, English, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Russian and more.

Foreign Languages for Travellers
http://www.travlang.com/languages/

Translation of travel words and phrases, numbers, shopping and dining, directions, places, times and dates. The site also has sound files to help with pronunciation.

Foreignword.com
http://www.foreignword.com/

"Foreignword.com has created a site that centralises the access to on-line dictionaries and glossaries, gives an overview of the latest translation software products, allows exchange of knowledge among translators and offers web-space to interested translators. The more theoretical issues of linguistic technology also have a special place in foreignword.com." Features include a meta-search dictionary that searches 109 on-line dictionaries in 54 languages, and a machine translation engine that supports over a dozen MT systems. There are also resources for translators and for people who are looking for translators.

International Marine Signal Flags
http://www.anbg.gov.au/flags/signal-flags.html

"The following flags are international signals used by ships at sea. They can be used to spellout short messages, or more commonly, used individually or in combination they have special meanings."

Jennifer's Language Page
http://www.elite.net/~runner/jennifers/index.htm

"At this site you can learn how to say several words and phrases in hundreds of different languages." The goal of the site is to "include every language, so that people will be able to say at least a few words to anyone they meet, anywhere in the world."

Language Identifier
http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/tool...

Enter a sentence of 5 or more words, and this tool will guess what language it is.

Pronunciation.org: A Guide for Classical Radio Announcers
http://www.math.nyu.edu/~wendlc/pronunciation/index.html

"These pages are meant as a reference guide for native English speakers (particularly North Americans) on pronouncing the various European languages that are often encountered in classical music."

Reaching Out: The Evolution of Communication
http://library.thinkquest.org/26451/newmenu.html

This is an "educational web site that takes visitors on a journey of discovery through the fascinating world of communication. It is about the development of verbal and non-verbal communication through human history." The site, which includes a timeline, covers the spoken and written word, mass media, and various communication technologies throughout history.

Say Hello to the World
http://www.ipl.org/div/kidspace/hello/

"Learn to say "hello" in over 30 different languages, plus find links to resources about the languages, the cultures, and language learning on the Web."

Semaphore Flag Signalling System
http://www.anbg.gov.au/flags/semaphore.html

"The Semaphore flag signalling system is an alphabet signalling system based on the waving of a pair of hand-held flags in a particular pattern."

Silva Rhetoricae: The Forest of Rhetoric
http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/silva.htm

Explores the art of persuasive speaking and writing skills through a comprehensive dictionary of rhetorical devices and terms.

Useful Expressions and Greetings in 26 Languages
http://www.nypl.org/branch/central/dlc/df/useful.html

Browse this collection of common phrases by phrase or by language; prepared by the World Languages Collection of the New York Public Library.

Useful Expressions and Greetings in 26 Languages
http://www.nypl.org/branch/central/dlc/df/useful.html

From "Good morning" to "Good night", and "Happy Birthday" to "Happy Anniversary", this is the site where you can learn these useful phrases (and many more!) in twenty-six languages --including Chinese, Danish, Hebrew, Italian, Spanish, Turkish and Vietnamese.

VOA Pronounciation Guide
http://names.voa.gov/

Can't pronounce those foreign names you hear on the news? Use the VOA Pronunciation Guide to sound sophisticated! Provides pronunciation key and a short MP3 audio clip for hundreds of names in current international news.

A Web of On-line Grammars
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/rbeard/grammars.html

A directory of Internet sites that serve as tutorials, lessons, and other ways of learning grammars in particular languages. Organized by language.

Yamada Language Guides
http://babel.uoregon.edu/yamada/guides.html

A comprehensive guide to language resources on the Web." In the Guides, you will find pointers to WWW sites, links to our Font Archive, links to our annotated list of language related news groups, and links to language related mailing lists." You can browse alphabetically, geographically, or by language family. There is also a guide to Interactive Internet Language Learning.